However, the extent of collateral physical impacts, for example smothering caused by sediment plumes and chemical effects on the benthos, for example those related to oil industry cuttings piles, are not assessed.
The indicator human health carcinogenic measures carcinogenic effects of chemical substances, for example those of heavy metals, dioxins, furans, and their effects on the human body.
Concurrent administration of herbs may interfere with the effect of drugs and they may cause side effects similar to chemical drugs, for example liver damage, heart arrhythmia, hypoglycemia and bleeding [ 14].
Effects are a combination of study type, species, effect type, effect target, and effect description for a given chemical, for example, chronic/cancer, rat, neoplastic pathology, liver, and adenoma.
Even more challenging may be consideration of the effects of physical hazards in concert with chemical hazards; for example, whole-body vibration can affect androgen levels just as chemical toxicants can (Cardinale and Pope 2003).
Many of these chemical residues for example pesticides, heavy metals, and dioxins are believed to have detrimental effects.
Figure 4 shows that the curve estimates for maximal effects of all tested chemicals differ, for example, with α-zeralenol producing the lowest maximal effect (10%) relative to the controls for ER-β1.
An alternative to this might be to simulate increased competition, for example, between four males as opposed to only two, to better discern chemical effects, as has been shown for 17α-ethinyloestradiol (Coe et al. 2009).
The detrimental effects of inhibitory compounds on microbial biocatalysts can be alleviated through conditioning of lignocellulosic hydrolysates by chemical detoxification with, for example, alkali or reducing agents [ 6].
For example, belief in biogenetic (vs. social) causes and in chemical effects (vs. placebo effects) may operate to enhance perceived efficacy, but may also be increased by a positive outcome, via either pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological effects.
