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At least three checkpoints of cell cycle are identified, G1-S checkpoint, G2-M checkpoint, and mitotic checkpoint.
DOI: 10.1038/sj/bjc/6600099 www.bjcancer.com © 2002 Cancer Research UK The cyclins and the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are important proteins regulating the checkpoints of cell cycle progression (Hunter and Pines, 1994).
Targeted therapy for breast cancer has focused on receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR and ErbB) family, which provide critical checkpoints of cell fate decisions [ 1, 2].
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Thus, flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of AMEAE on the DNA content at various cell cycle checkpoints of A549 cells by cell cycle phase distribution (G0, G1, S, G2 and M) after treatment for 24, 48 and 72 h.
The results suggested that cyclin A2 is directly involved in the checkpoint of cell differentiation pathways and is a key regulator of this process, although the detail downstream mechanisms are not known.
Rb is a tumor suppressor protein that has important roles in the checkpoint of cell cycle.
Specifically, it was demonstrated that chemoresistance that characterizes CCC might be due to aberrant retention of the G2 checkpoint of cell cycle induced by HNF1B overexpression [ 28].
Studies performed on hepatic biopsies from chronic hepatitis C patients have shown an imbalance at G1/S checkpoint of cell cycle [ 11, 12].
p53 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that acts as a gatekeeper at the G1-S checkpoint of cell cycle progression and is crucial for controlling urothelial cell growth and maintaining genomic stability (Levine, 1997).
Both MRC5 and U2OS cell lines were subsequently used in parallel for most experiments to ascertain if any observed effects required the more reliable cell cycle checkpoints of primary cells (MRC5) and thus were not recapitulated in transformed cell lines such as the U2OS line that has stable p53- and pRb-dependent checkpoints but is defective for p16INK [24], [24].
The multifunctional protein survivin controls diverse cellular functions, including surveillance checkpoints, suppression of cell death, the regulation of mitosis, and the adaptation to unfavourable environments (Li et al, 1998; Altieri, 2003, 2006).
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