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As some researchers [ 24] had reported low internal consistency for two RIPLS subscales we checked respondents' α scores for the RIPLS subscales.
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These data were used as the base to check respondents' awareness of availability and perceived affordability.
The use of A4R elements as survey items provides a way of checking respondent claims about overall fairness against the presence or absence of specific features which are often considered to exemplify fair process.
Dependability of these themes will be checked with respondents.
All instruments were translated into Portuguese, and item clarity was individually checked with respondents in the initial interviews.
Completeness of Q-sort (i.e., each statement is sorted only once) was checked and respondents were asked to correct any identified mistake.
Prior to the main survey, a preliminary survey was conducted to around 20 staff in our research institution to check whether respondents correctly understand the questionnaire items.
By conducting the document study before the interview study, I limited the possibly of poor research questions and made it possible to cross check the respondents answers.
- Scott Clement: "['Likely voters' is] perhaps the most ubiquitous and least-understood phrase in election news — and for two big reasons: 1. Pollsters employ widely differing methods for identifying likely voters (and many keep their methods under wraps) 2. Research on the accuracy of likely voter identification is relatively rare, since checking whether respondents actually vote can be expensive.
A final shortcoming is that we could not check whether respondents logged in without contributing to the discussion.
It is possible to include checks for data quality in on-line surveys and we have taken care to scrutinise the data generated for illogical responses and to check that respondents appeared to understand the task adequately.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com