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MM checked data validity.
Therefore, this bias effect was avoided as far as possible by training the research assistants, checking the data input and using a standardised observation list.
The function only returns to check errors when "check data" is supplied as an input argument.
A "Chief Bias Officer" could, for instance, affect hiring in engineering teams by pushing for diversity, then regularly checking the data inputs the engineers choose to give the AI algorithms.
Data were first carefully examined by exploratory analysis and specifically prepared, noting their frequency distribution and checking for possible data input or coding errors.
A validation check was completed in which an additional researcher checked the accuracy of data input for 10% of all patients, to reduce information bias.
Accuracy of the data was checked in 100% of the cases by the second author after going through each questionnaire and checking all the completed data input.
The accuracy of data input was checked and validated using customized validation programmes.
Besides the Xpose GUI, there are several alternative ways of creating diagnostic plots from Pirana: DataInspector : a quick and flexible method for creating diagnostic plots based on NONMEM output, or checking input data sets.
Xpose menu system in R : The Xpose menu system can be started from Pirana (right click → Xpose → Start Xpose menu in R ), or manually from an R session by invoking: DataInspector: a quick and flexible method for creating diagnostic plots based on NONMEM output, or checking input data sets.
These procedures included daily check of all data inputted in the database, appointment of possible inconsistence to researchers, correction of errors and programmed check of all dataset at the end of study.
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