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To check for selection bias, we selected a random 25% sample of the hospitals, which did not respond to the step I questionnaire three months after the reminder (nonresponder-sample), and assessed by telephone whether or not they were offering PGIR in depression treatment in this sample.
This study used a quasi-experimental design and therefore did not check for selection bias [ 29].
We used data gathered from the instructor survey to compare fully participating instructors with partially participating instructors to check for selection bias resulting from nonresponse.
Sensitivity analysis, carried out to check for selection bias because of complete case analysis, showed that complete case analysis was unbiased.
As a check for selection bias from dropouts, we performed longitudinal analyses of four outcomes, the primary outcome and three secondary outcomes of particular interest: treadmill walking distance, walking speed from the Walking Impairment Questionnaire, and the physical and mental health aggregates of SF-36.
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Randomisation checks for selection bias, which is one of four biases [ 29], and removal of selection bias allow for a more pragmatic research design that is considered to be better suited in the context.
We checked for selection bias by testing for differences in baseline variables (gender, age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, triglycerides and blood pressure) between responders and non-responders, and between participants (responders willing to participate) and non-participants (responders who indicated not to be interested in follow-up measurements).
Although we were primarily interested in the signs of positive selection in the last 5 6 million years of human evolution, it is interesting to check for positive selection on Cernunnos-XLF in more recent times.
Note that the latter also works as a robustness check for potential selection bias in the Austrian case.
To check for positive selection on the other 18 branches in the tree, a Branch-Sites analysis was carried out.
To check for possible selection bias, we compared characteristics of participants and non-participants (Table 1).
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