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Type 2 diabetes is characterized by an excessive incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), and serum lipid values are among the strongest predictors of CHD (1, 2).
Individuals with diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (MetS) are more likely to have coronary heart disease (CHD) (1, 2) and a poorer prognosis compared with those without these conditions (3, 4).
A three level variable was created where 0 = no CHD, 1 = simple CHD and 2 = complex CHD.
Randomized controlled clinical trials have established the clinical benefits of lowering LDL cholesterol levels for risk reduction of coronary heart disease (CHD) (1).
Robert Karasek, who originated the concept, proposed that a combination of high demands at work and low job control (i.e., "job strain") increased the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (1, 2).
It has been suggested that exposure to psychosocial stress is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, including coronary heart disease (CHD), 1 2 although the evidence to date is inconclusive.
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The recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targetent target for patients with T2DM is < 2.6 mmol/L (< 100 mg/dL), with < 1.8 mmol/L (< 70 mg/dL) as an optional therapeutic target in the US for patients with T2DM and CHD [ 1, 4, 6]; and in Europe, the targets are similar: < 2.5 mmol/L (< 97 mg/dL) with an optional goal of < 2.0 mmol/L (< 77 mg/dL) [ 2].
Several case reports have been published of patients with coexisting neuroblastoma and congenital heart defects (CHD) [ 1, 8, 10, 17, 28].
In individuals with all 5 criteria measured, ORs for increased risk of diabetes (OR = 8.67) and CHD (OR = 1.91) are also concordant with published literature: in studies with complete, standardized phenotyping individuals with the metabolic syndrome are about 3-6 timoremore likely to develop diabetes and to have twice the risk for CHD [ 1, 15, 16].
The role of hyperglycemia on the mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) [ 1, 2], stroke [ 3, 4] and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [ 5- 7] has been well investigated.
Genotyping such variants is a potential means of refining risk stratification for CHD [ 1, 19, 20] and therefore has major public health implications as CHD remains the leading cause of death in much of the world and often the first manifestation is sudden death or myocardial infarction.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com