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bias modes, the plasma sheath is stable and its charging effect is weak.
The negative charging effect, created by a partially absorbed mirror beam, is compensated by the positive charging effect of either a higher energy electron beam with an electron yield exceeding 1, or a photon beam.
In addition, we will discuss some phenomena, such as the charging effect in the mask during exposure.
In order to reduce the charging effect, the exposed surface of the quartz substrate was coated with a conductive silver paint and connected to the ground.
It is shown that the pulsed-power operation can more efficiently remedy the 'surface charging effect' than the r.f.
The detailed investigations of fibre-dependent inhomogeneity, such as local stress on the fibre, charging effect and formation of patch potential on inner surface of the fibre, are underway.
These features are correlated with the cellulose concentration-dependence of charging effect of the composite under electronic beam irradiation in a scanning electron microscope.
The continuous plasma with high-voltage pulses shows higher plasma densities, lower working pressure and pulse voltage, larger and more flexible process windows, and less charging effect.
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Both quantum confinement effects and single-electron charging effects are clearly observed.
The charging effects will have important consequences.
To avoid charging effects the areas of interest were surrounded with carbon tape.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com