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As the MFM tip was magnetized along the axis vertical to the sample, the observed contrast originates from magnetic charges on the sample surface.
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We note that the peaks for Si and Cr in the EDX spectrum stem from the glass substrate and a thin Cr layer, deposited on the sample to prevent charging of the sample by the electron beam in the SEM, respectively.
Integrated charge on the sample was measured using a current integrator, which was connected to the target holder.
This work also highlighted the signal enhancement of different Raman vibrational modes due to presence of electrical charge on the sample surface.
A pause time between sputtering and measurement was set to give time for the sample to dissipate the charge; for further compensation of the charging on the sample surface an electron flood gun (20 V) was applied.
This transient response results in a sheath of space charge on the sample surface, depicted as "+" on the red-colored photoresist layer, which alters the potential distribution.
Q Cai was in charge of the sample preparation.
The surface charge of the samples was performed on NICOMP 380ZLS (Zeta potential/particle sizer; Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) system.
The sample stage is connected to ground through an electrometer to measure accurately the charge deposited on the sample.
These findings indicate that the resolution degradation could be a result of charge buildup on the sample due to beam gas sample interactions.
For SEM, the sample is dispersed onto carbon tape and coated with gold using a sputter coater system to prevent charge accumulation on the sample.
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