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From oxygen K-edge spectra, furthermore, it is found out that the charge compensation for the electron exchange can be achieved at oxygen site as well as Ni site.
It was inferred that the species responsible for charge compensation for the excess charge capacity must be oxygen ions in these materials, considering that Ni4+ and Ti4+ are generally impossible to be oxidized to a higher valence.
Charge compensation for the electrically insulating specimens was achieved using a magnetically focused beam of electrons as a flood gun current.
The resorption lacuna is acidified by a specialized V-type H+ ATPase [11], while ClC-7 might provide a charge compensation for effective acidification or be involved in the exocytic build-up of the ruffled border [8].
OH-dipoles revealed by IR absorptions are produced by point defects, where protons act as charge compensation for metal vacancies or impurities.
In summary, our data suggest that for microglia in situ, as opposed to in culture, a previously undescribed non-specific cation current may mediate charge compensation for the electron-extruding activity of NADPH oxidase.
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These earlier studies did not establish the membrane currents responsible for charge compensation of the NADPH oxidase electron flux.
The excess-MgO suppressed the substitution of Mn2+ dopant for Mg2+ in tetrahedral A-site and also acted as charge compensation agent for Mn4+ which replaced the B3+ ion (B = Al, Ga).
The instrument is associated with an ultra high-resolution secondary and backscatter electron imaging (1 nm), utilising new in-lens detector technology, and a charge compensation system for the imaging of non-conducting samples.
Whereas for the alloys up to x = 0.2 (Fe0.2Co3.8Sb11.8the.2) thelectricalal resistivity decreased by charge compensation, it increased for x > 0.2 with an increase in Te content as a result of an increase in the electron concentration.
It is obvious that the substitution CO3 2- → PO4 3- is not isovalent, and charge compensation is necessary for the existence of a stable structure.
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