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These groups, drawn together by their electric charge, cluster together in "microdomains," stiffening and toughening the plastic without destroying its ability to be molded to permanent shapes.
The molecular nature of the structure responsible for proton sensitivity in KcsA has been identified as a charge cluster that surrounds the inner helical bundle gate.
Surface analysis indicates that residues R54, K55 and K89 form a small positive charge cluster on the YcgR-N domain.
This suggests that the charge cluster may be more relevevant for the neuroprotection of Purkinje cells [24] that for other cell types.
The α-cleavage site of PrPC is located between a charge cluster (CC) and a hydrophobic core (HC), and is flanked N-proximally by positively charged residues and C-proximally by a palindrome sequence (Fig. 2A).
Therefore, site directed mutagenesis was employed to modify highly conserved amino acid residues that were suggested to form a buried charge cluster and might be located in the Pdx1 Pdx1 interface [13], [15].
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Some canonical membrane proteins contain local charge clusters that are important for folding and function, and which have to be compatible with a stable insertion into the bilayer via the translocon.
Charge re-arrangement, as in NT* compared to NTwt, does not affect the total charge and we suggest that a less dipolar charge distribution together with a lower presence of destabilizing charge clusters in NT* provides an explanation to the observed improved stability and refolding capacity.
As previously proposed [14], the acidic cluster E62-65 of Nef could participate by binding to a basic patch on the μ subunit; μ1 is predicted to be a highly basic protein and its C-terminal two-thirds contains numerous positive charge clusters that could interact electrostatically with the Nef acidic cluster.
We were able to identify proteins containing homopolymeric tracts (for example (P 27) or charge clusters (for example RDDRPRDDRPRDDRPRDDRPRDDRPRDDRPRD), other types (for example GGAGGAGGKAGLLFGSGGAGGSGGA).
A charged cluster is also likely to experience higher collision rates with HOMs because they are expected to have high electric polarizability and, depending on their structure, large dipole moments.
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