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In the early seventh century (Asuka period), Pinus started to increase, coinciding with a significant charcoal peak, probably related to the operation of roof tile kilns near the site.
At Silver Lake, the decline in Sporormiella at 13.9 ka BP was immediately followed by the formation of novel plant assemblages, as well as the highest-magnitude charcoal peak in the record.
Using standard techniques for the analysis of charcoal from lake sediments, we compiled 1000- to 4000-yr-long 4000-yr-long 4000-yr-longulation and charecordseak frequencies frof 10 small lakes acharcoalsaccumulation northwestern Wisconsin.
To verify this record new techniques are employed; an Ensemble-Member strategy to remove the objectivity associated with parameter selection, a Signal to Noise Index to determine if the charcoal record is appropriate for peak detection, and a charcoal peak screening procedure to validate the identified fire events based on bootstrapped samples.
During the "fire-year" period that uncovers 7.5 years before and after the charcoal peak (Figure 2, red bars), all species except larch, Larix decidua (Figure 2A,B), showed the same pattern of averaged macroremains influx at both sites.
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We used cluster analysis to identify six types of charcoal signatures that differ in their charcoal influx rates, amount of grass charcoal, and frequency and magnitude of charcoal peaks.
Fire activity (inferred from the frequency of charcoal peaks) averaged 18 fire episodes/1000 years from 3800 to 2125 cal year BP, and increased from 16 fire episodes/1000 years at 2125 cal year BP to 22 episodes/1000 years at 750 cal year BP, a period when the pollen data suggest that steppe vegetation yielded to increasing patches of forest cover.
For each sample in each record, we identified charcoal peaks when Cpeak exceeded a sample-specific threshold value.
Our threshold criterion assumes that fires create charcoal peaks that exceed Cpeak variations related to sediment mixing, sediment sampling, and analytical noise, and that this variability changes on time scales ≥500 years.
The impact of anthropogenic fire disturbances on the landscape was evidenced by peak charcoal accumulations after European settlement.
Peak charcoal concentrations coincided with the onset of European settlement in the area, a period in which land-clearing is thought to have been aided by the use of fire.
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