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This independence hypothesis is equivalent to the well-known, but not necessarily realistic for all types of characters, assumption of the uniqueness of character changes during their evolution, which is employed, in particular, in the Dollo parsimony method [ 48, 57].
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In summary, the human pileup in "How It All Began" may sound a bit contrived — the novelist as whimsical God, concocting circumstances that will tip over all her characters' assumptions — but Ms. Lively executes her game plan with such verve that the reader easily shrugs off such doubts.
The aim here is to verify the impact of relaxing the character independence assumption among stem nucleotides on the topology recovered.
In contrast, by the character-related rationality assumption, one with character <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019014.e143.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> would cooperate in the Prisoner's Dilemma game so as to maximize his implicit utility.
It's tempting to see McMurtry's novel as a carefully orchestrated morality play, setting supposedly civilized Europe against the supposedly brutal New World, and some of the characters encourage this assumption.
Arranged marriages (a second one is referred to within this small circle of characters) and the assumption that a woman could not take over a family business would seem to suggest that "Good Goods" is set in the fairly distant past.
The truth about what happened ultimately defies some of the characters' most basic assumptions.
Making sense of James's characters requires sharing assumptions about money and manners that simply don't compute for a contemporary audience.
The characters' middle-class assumptions crumble as life is stripped down to a matter of mere survival: a college degree in design or music becomes an unimaginable luxury (Lowell's 17-year-old daughter turns instead to prostitution) and they look back with incredulity on a world where people had the leisure and means to indulge affectations.
This theoretical framework is based on the so-called character-related rationality assumption that rational economic agents act as if they were trying to maximize their implicit utilities.
By the character-related rationality assumption that players act as if they were maximizing their implicit utilities, we may give a more reasonable solution to the Public Goods game defined here.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com