Recently, the mechanical unfolding kinetics of the native to intermediate (N→I) transition of the protein filamin was characterized in a broad range of pulling velocities (1 4000 nm/s), and an unexpected plateau in the modal (i.e., most probable) unfolding force, F∗, was observed at low pulling velocities/loading rates (Fig. 1) (5).
Heat-induced damage to proteins and corresponding cellular repair mechanisms are well characterized in a broad range of insects (Neven 2000; Zhao and Jones 2012) and enhancement of the cuticular barrier through up-regulation of exoskeletal proteins has been demonstrated under heat stress in aphids (Nguyen et al. 2009).
NAC domain-containing proteins [from Petunia NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) and Arabidopsis TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATION FACTOR (ATAF1,2) and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC)] are one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, being characterized in a wide range of land plants [ 33].
Following the identification of Pi transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana[ 10], a large number of PT genes have been identified and characterized in a wide range of species such as Arabidopsis thaliana[ 3, 11, 12], rice [ 13- 15], tomato [ 16], tobacco [ 17, 18], maize [ 19], barley [ 20], Medicago truncatula[ 21], Populus trichocarpa[ 22], and soybean [ 23].
The sensors were experimentally characterized in a pressure range of ±250 Pa and the results were compared with numerical simulations.
In mammals, TILs have been characterized in a wide range of proteins like von Willebrand factor or zonadhesin, which have been reported to play a part in sperm gamete recognition, adhesion, or blood clotting (Bonthron et al., 1986; Gao & Garbers, 1998).
Such mutants have been described and characterized in a wide range of plant species.
Cellulase and pectate lyase have been identified and characterized in a wide range of plant parasitic nematodes [ 16, 18, 20- 29].
Currently, numerous miRNAs with diverse sequences are being characterized in a wide range of species [ 2], suggesting that this small RNA molecule has a major effect on phylogeny.
