Beyond characterizing an "average" response to chemicals, next-generation toxicity testing may improve understanding of population variability, identify vulnerable subpopulations, and refine uncertainty factors used in risk assessment (Zeise et al. 2013).
It was not possible to characterize an average time lag from funding to impact more precisely, as many studies lacked detailed data on funding patterns over time, and where specified, the funding increase was mostly gradual and continuing into the period of impact evaluation.
It is characterized by an average annual temperature of 11.8 °C, 430 mm in precipitation (mainly between October-March), and around 13 days of snow per year41.
The hydration sites are characterized by an average occupancy and a combination of residence time parameters designed to approximate a distribution of residence times.
This packing, and as a consequence microhardness, can be characterized by an average cross-sectional area which includes crystalline and non-crystalline regions.
The crosslinking process is characterized by an average activation energy of 54.2 62.7 kJ mol−1 despite different methods or filler concentrations being used to obtain it.
The compressed zone is characterized by an average solid stress σc and an average filtration resistance Rc both related to the volume of the expressed or fltrated liquid V )maximal amount VE).
As a result, the local-scale heterogeneity also has a noticeable effect on global tracer transport processes, characterized by an average breakthrough curve at the water table, especially at the early arrival time of tracer mass.
Finally, low-pressure argon adsorption coupled with the Derivative Isotherm Simulation procedure highlighted classical adsorption energy distributions of natural phyllosilicates, and thus the synthetic montmorillonite was characterized by an average of 11 layers per particle in the dry state, with basal and edge surface areas different from Na-SWy2.
The analysis of in situ data highlights errors on 24-h evapotranspiration characterized by an average value of 20% due to daily soil heat flux neglecting; whereas, the hypothesis of evaporative fraction self-preservation causes an average error equal to −16%.
