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Structural characterizations include ab initio approaches from SAXS data alone, and when combined with previously determined crystal/NMR, atomistic modeling can further enhance structural solutions and assess validity.
Microstructural characterizations include the elongation factor and equivalent diameter of the dendritic grains, together with the dendrite arm spacing and the percentage of eutectic.
Characterizations include X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling.
Applications of these alternative characterizations include regression modeling based on the subdistribution hazard [ 25], and non-parametric estimation for multi-state models [ 40, 41].
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Physico-chemical characterizations including aqueous solubility and lipophilic parameters are described.
The droplet characterizations, including projective area, diameter and volume were calculated using MATLAB image processing technology.
Meanwhile, characterizations including microstructure and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal of foamed gel were studied.
Electrical characterizations including dark-current and capacitance voltage measurements were performed on single detectors in the temperature range (77 300 K).
Flame characterizations including fuel consumption speed and flame front propagation speed are compared between stratified flames and corresponding homogeneous flames.
Such results were discussed based on various characterizations, including XRD, ICP, XPS, TEM, DSC and CO chemical adsorption.
After manufacturing, the FML was subjected to mechanical characterizations, including interlaminar shear test and Charpy impact test.
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