In addition to virus replication, shedding, clinical signs and pathology, adaptive immune responses are essential parameters in the evaluation of vaccines, the characterization of immunity, the determination of correlates of protective immunity and the study of immunopathogenesis during EV71 infection.
While broader characterization of immunity, as well as wider taxon sampling, may eventually reveal patterns of change in island immune response, our results for the four island taxa sampled indicate that at least certain components of immunity may follow divergent trajectories.
This characterization of population immunity to disease does not account for immunity derived from exposure to LPVs in the environment and it ignores the contributions to transmission of individuals of all ages immune to disease who can still participate in asymptomatic transmission [ 14].
Better characterization of immune correlates for Campylobacter infection is necessary to assess the relative importance of immunity and behavioral factors in determining risk.
Auchtung, J. M., Lee, C. A., Garrison, K. L. & Grossman, A. D. Identification and characterization of the immunity repressor (ImmR) that controls the mobile genetic element ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis.
Legutki, J. B., Magee, D. M., Stafford, P. & Johnston, S. A. A general method for characterization of humoral immunity induced by a vaccine or infection.
This review will discuss technological advances in vaccine designs, challenge infection assessment, and characterization of vaccine immunity in the context of the protection detected with prototype and commercial dual-subtype FIV vaccines and in relation to HIV-1.
Characterization of preexisting immunity within a population can inform public health, as highlighted during the influenza A(H1N1 pdm09 virus pandemic, when surveillance data demonstrated that older persons (>65 years old) were less likely than younger persons to have influenza (1 ).
Advances in vaccine technology are occurring in the molecular techniques used to develop vaccines and in the assessment of vaccine efficacy, allowing more complete characterization of vaccine-induced immunity correlating to protection.
Elucidating the level and durability of vaccine-elicited binding antibody breadth needed for protection is critical for the development of a globally efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The path toward an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will require characterization of vaccine-induced immunity that can recognize and target the highly genetically diverse virus envelope glycoproteins.
Although there are still many members of the NLR family that require functional characterization, their implication as regulators of immunity is highly intriguing and warrants future investigation.
