Some of these characteristics (town, position, flow, pipe installation year) are explicitly or implicitly included in the model, while others (sampling personnel, season, and geometric complexity) are not.
The areas included in the study are 11 Italian areas with different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (town of Torino, provinces of Varese, Novara, Vercelli, Alessandria, Imperia, Ragusa, Siena, Forlì, Verona and Firenze; total population 7 million).
Independent-sample t-tests were used to compare population characteristics by town, and RAGE concentrations by sex, race, town, diabetes, ever-asthma, and past smoking.
Interview and sampling sites visited by research team are shown as blue dots Table 1 Characteristics of towns in the study area and ash exposure from 2012 PCC-VC eruption Town Population (at 2010 census) Depth of ash fall (mm) Distance from PCC-VC Description Villa la Angostura 11,063 150–170 mm 54 km ESE Located in a temperate zone towards the northern end of Lago Nahuel Huapi.
We also performed ambient noise measurements to evaluate the near-surface site response characteristics for each town.
In towns over 13 000 inh, the abundance of native species decreased towards the urban core whereas total abundance increased, decreased or remained constant depending on town characteristics.
The socio-demographic characteristics of the town's population includes a mix of working and suburban middle classes, the layout of which are both linked to neighbouring towns.
We use a total of twenty different formulas to increase the accuracy of our estimates, and apply them based on city or town characteristics, to produce the best model fit in each case.
Several factors influence the epidemiology and severity of malaria disease in urban areas; these factors include the geographical characteristics of the town, the level of immunity in the local population, the extent of unplanned urbanization, urban agriculture development, and the degree of human migration from rural to urban areas [ 2, 3].
Brick tenements where the factory workers lived are also a characteristic feature of the town.
