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The data extracted included: (1) study characteristics (research question, risk model or score used, study design, study setting, intervention, duration of follow-up, outcomes measured); (2) selection of participants (inclusion criteria, method of recruitment/randomisation); (3) participant characteristics (sample size, age, gender, comorbidity, level of CVD risk); and (4) measured outcome(s).
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In the first part of the lesson, Sam focused on the characteristics of research questions and on the importance of formulating hypotheses that can lead to experiments that may answer the research questions.
In the whole-class discussion, Sam focused on the characteristics of research questions and on formulating a hypothesis that will lead to an experiment that may enable answering the question.
His authoritative approach was reflected in the fact that he presented students with only his views regarding the characteristics of research questions and hypotheses and did not allow the students to voice their own ideas.
For example, Rebecca asked: "What are the characteristics of a good research question?" Rebecca's interactive approach was observed in her interactions with the students.
Metaphors such as "t-test is a treatment" and analogies such as "symptoms are like research question characteristics" therefore allowed the other specialist to bring an unfamiliar concept closer to a known one.
The third, and more exploratory, research question concerns which characteristics of an area predict its attractiveness.
Finally, the present meta-analysis included in total 37 interventions (participants in total N = 264) eligible for the research question, and their characteristics are summarized in Table 2.
In introducing this typology, the paper seeks to provide an answer to the following research question: What common characteristics of new entrepreneurial firms support various regional industrial development paths?
The actual size and group composition depends on the research question and the characteristics of the participants.
Many factors (e.g., sample size, design, research question, and investigators' characteristics) may confound the association as they are associated with both study results and the possibility of publication.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com