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The description of e-rater includes a summary of characteristics of writing covered by e-rater, variations in modeling techniques available, and the regression-based model building procedure.
Furthermore, Charney (1984: 75) states that "in spite of training, readers' judgments are strongly influenced by salient, though superficial, characteristics of writing samples…one of these superficial characteristics is physical appearance".
Holistic scores have also been shown to correlate with relatively superficial characteristics of writing, such as text length and handwriting style (Fulcher 1997; Markham 1976).
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To be able to improve teacher feedback on reflective writing, it is essential to gain insight into which characteristics of written feedback stimulate students' reflection processes.
Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the characteristics of written feedback comments on students' reflective writing assignments (Study 1) and to examine which of these characteristics are perceived as conducive to students' reflection processes (Study 2).
The outcomes of both the MCA and the interpretation process indicated that the three-dimensional solution was the best solution for describing the characteristics of written feedback comments on students' reflective writing.
In order to fulfill their needs and to develop adequate teacher training courses on providing feedback on reflective writing, it is essential to gain insight into which characteristics of written feedback will help teachers to stimulate students' reflection processes.
Our results showed that characteristics of written feedback comments can be described in three dimensions: format of the feedback (phrased as statement versus question), focus of the feedback (related to the levels of students' reflections) and tone of the feedback (positive versus negative).
This is the one unchallengeable characteristic of writing itself, whether you are collaborating with a colleague or acquaintance or you're actually communicating to no one at all (a grocery list, for example).
In all analyses, demographic characteristics, type of writing task, classroom- and school-level factors will be explored as predictors.
For this reason, literacy is not tied exclusively to writing; just as one can write in an essentially oral style, so one can speak in a manner characteristic of written language.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com