This is consistent with there being considerable gene flow among the populations considered as tundrius or anatum in Alaska, Canada and Greenland, and suggests that enough time may have passed for localized gene flow and genetic drift to stabilize and produce a pattern characteristic of migration-drift equilibrium throughout their high-latitude distribution (e.g., [88]).
Finally, our results indicate fertility is associated with several characteristics of migration.
We take advantage of detailed migration information to examine the association between fertility and particular characteristics of migration.
Next, we utilize the migration histories to categorize several characteristics of migration, many of which are not included in studies of migration and fertility.
We then use detailed information on migration (duration lived in Kinshasa, number of lifetime moves, age at first migration, urban/rural classification of birthplace, and the distinction between intra-Kinshasa migration and migration to Kinshasa) to see if fertility differs by characteristics of migration.
Using the PMA2020 residence histories, we are able to create several characteristics of migration, including the duration lived in Kinshasa, number of lifetime moves, age at first migration, urban/rural classification for birthplace, and the distinction between intra-Kinshasa migration and migration to Kinshasa.
Finally, we examine whether fertility differs by particular characteristics of migration, specifically (1) the duration of time living in Kinshasa, (2) the number of lifetime moves, (3) whether their birthplace was urban or rural, (4) their age at first migration, and (5) a distinction between migration within Kinshasa and migration to Kinshasa.
First, whether carers in transnational (migrant) households are more likely to suffer mental health problems than those in non-migrant households; and secondly, whether transnational family practices and characteristics of migration are associated with mental health outcomes for stay-behind carers.
The synthetic dedifferentiated phenotype of SMCs, which have characteristics of migration, proliferation, and ECM synthesis in the vascular wall, promotes neointimal hyperplasia and can be identified by the expression of α-SMA, which is detectable early in the developing vasculature.
Although the distances covered by the cockchafer may not be great, the regularity of the phenomenon is characteristic of true migration.
