Owing to the relatively small size of the HDSS site, there has been no attempt to document and characterise cause of death patterns, but all deaths have been registered during annual follow-up visits to all households in the site.
As much less is known about pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in An. arabiensis, we used a combination of genetic mapping, bioassays and biochemical and molecular assays to characterise the causes of this resistance in a strain colonised from Ndjamena in Chad.
We purposely used a random effects model owing to our concerns about study heterogeneity and performed several subgroup analyses in an attempt to characterise the potential causes of heterogeneity.
In order to characterise potential genetic causes of FADS/MPS in such cases, we undertook molecular genetic investigations in cohorts of FADS, LMPS and EVMPS families that were enriched for autosomal recessively inherited forms of these disorders (i.e. enriched for parental consanguinity) and identified loss of function RYR1 mutations as a cause of early lethal FADS/LMPS.
Intervention to prevent or delay frailty has important benefits for older people, health services and society. 1 2 Frailty is a medical syndrome with numerous causes, characterised by reduced strength, endurance and physiological function, resulting in increased vulnerability to functional decline, dependence and/or death. 1 Pre-frailty is an intermediate stage between non-frail and frail.
However, because the different perspectives of characterising diseases using signs, lesions, causes and mechanisms all co-exist in the same disease classification or coding system, it can be difficult and sometimes impossible to interpret the data.
Altogether, these results indicate that the massive apoptosis characterising full knockout brains is caused by a combination of neuronal and non-neuronal (mostly vascular) defects.
Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is an uncommon disease characterised by enophthalmos, caused by ipsilateral maxillary sinus atelectasis.
A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to perform fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces to characterise the defect causing failure.
In order to characterise the changes caused by elevated temperature several techniques such as microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear microprobe techniques and microhardness testing were used.
