Accordingly, well-designed large clinical studies using chemically well characterised NS preparation are required.
Reasons for this included the empirical use of poorly characterised crude bacteriophage preparations.
Recently, PGN in trout macrophages has been shown to be the major stimulatory component in crude LPS preparations characterised by an increase in cytokine mRNAs, IL-1β and IL-6, and release of inflammatory products as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [ 9].
When he was working on Silver Mountain Water, a preparation characterised by "hesperide notes with hints of tea and blackcurrant" (worn by David Bowie among others), he recalls that, "I knew there was something missing from the formula, but I couldn't put my finger on what it was.
AntiSMASH did not reveal any putative natural product gene clusters, but we did find a gene cluster potentially encoding the biosynthesis of a lasso-peptide, which we have subsequently identified and characterised (manuscript in preparation).
The pre-trial phase was characterised by the initial preparation and training.
The optimal microsphere preparation was subsequently characterised in terms of hydration dynamics, release kinetics, antimicrobial activity, thermal properties, morphology and surface pH.
A process of mental preparation took place, characterised by uncertainty and vulnerability as universal themes Table 2.
Before experimental use, each preparation was extensively characterised for potential contamination by other cell types and for expression of tight junction-associated molecules as previously described [ 8].
Titanium was applied to the surfaces via magnetron thin film deposition, and the surfaces were visualised and characterised using atomic force microscopy, in preparation for microbial retention studies.
