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In many invertebrate metazoans, a single gene was retrieved that shared significant identity to fly akirin and vertebrate akirin1 and akirin2 across its entire length (fig. 1, additional file 1), but had no clear identity to other characterised or uncharacterised genes.
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The remainder were poorly characterised or had unknown functions.
In Drosophila, four RD genes are present in the genome: runt and lozenge, which have been very well characterised and two uncharacterised RD containing genes, CG42267 (previously CG15455) and CG34145 [ 6].
The primers detect conserved protein motifs in the RdRp gene and it is anticipated that they have the potential to detect unreported or uncharacterised nepoviruses in subgroups A and B.
The major drawback is that they assume a priori knowledge of diet and will overlook prey items in predators with diverse or uncharacterised diets [3].
These tests are either based on crude bacterial preparations or uncharacterised monoclonal antibodies.
Unfortunately a number of these genes have not been functionally annotated, including 4717 genes that were either predicted or uncharacterised.
In exceptional circumstances, these unique tags could be derived from intron/exon or exon/exon boundaries, fusion transcripts or uncharacterised genomic regions.
As immune genes can evolve rapidly and are subject to different selection pressure, we hypothesised that there may be divergent, as yet unannotated or uncharacterised class I genes.
Many of these loci are not associated with any predicted transcripts, but others lie close to UCSC gene predictions or Genbank transcripts corresponding to non-coding or uncharacterised RNAs.
However, a large proportion of genes in these genomes encode hypothetical or uncharacterised proteins, which is a major hindrance in inferring the protein function and potential involvement in virulence.
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