Such an approach should include reliable site geotechnical characterisation, large scale field monitoring techniques that simultaneously measure and monitor LW mining-induced strata movement, stress changes, fractures, and gas flow behaviours, and 3D numerical modelling techniques that simulate coupled behaviours of surrounding strata, groundwater and gas during mining.
The design of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures is evolving towards a new approach that uses correction factors to consider differences between the small-scale characterisation specimens and the real-scale elements.
In order to optimise production from tight reservoirs, adequate pore-to-macro-scale characterisation is required to establish the influence of pore-scale geometries on flow properties at the macro-scale (e.g. Akanji and Matthai 2010).
The method creates an open landscape GISdatabase enhancing the landscapes characterisation at both scale levels.
An earlier geological characterisation at large scale ruled out the use of deep pumping wells.
Recent studies into the origins of failure of yttria partially stabilised zirconia porcelain veneered prosthesis have revealed the importance of micro-to-nano scale characterisation of this interface zone.
Due to limitations in spatial and temporal detail in published data, only a rough, large scale characterisation of assemblage types was accomplished, with datasets divided in rocky reefs, shallow soft-substrate (0 20 m), intermediate soft-substrate (20 100 m) and deep soft substrate (100 200 m).
Apart from the obvious expense in obtaining fresh radioactive substrate, the possibility of further contamination and false positive results suggested this method may not the most appropriate for large scale characterisation of ACTase activity.
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 81 (2005) 106 124], which addresses the field-scale characterisation of contaminant plumes in groundwater.
The advanced approach takes advantage of the latest techniques in Australia for mine scale geotechnical characterisation, field measurement, monitoring and numerical modelling.
