In general, the abstractions offered by graph theory representations (i) facilitate the analysis of network performance, (ii) provide a unifying framework for comparisons of features across different systems and (iii) assist the mathematical characterisation of system properties and dynamics.
Based on the categorisation of system configurations, a characterisation of space systems, comprised of duplication, fractionation, and derivation, is proposed to capture the overall system configuration characteristics and promote potential hybrid designs.
A.C. impedance spectroscopy is a valuable tool in the characterisation of electrochemical systems and new materials.
CLSM is well suited for the characterisation of emulsion systems and has already been applied to single emulsions.
However, thermal characterisation of constructive systems at laboratory scale is difficult to be carried out under real environment conditions.
A further characterisation of the systems was performed to evaluate their structure and features and to speculate about the mechanisms involved in the release.
However, we contend the technique will quickly become essential in the characterisation of analogous systems, especially where dynamics are of interest in the solvated state.
Despite inequalities in spatial resolution between stochastic geological models and flow simulator models, geostatistical algorithms are used for the characterisation of groundwater systems.
Degradative approaches to the characterisation of complex systems produce limited amounts of unambiguously identifiable small molecules but lose crucial linkage information.
Well-resolved signatures are less susceptible to the detrimental consequences of intrinsic averaging, which is an often overlooked key feature of any low-resolution (spectroscopic and separation) method, when they are employed in the characterisation of complex systems (Fig. 4).
