We implement our model both with ordinary differential equations (ODEs), to explore the role of bifurcations in producing the one-way character of differentiation, and with stochastic differential equations (SDEs), to demonstrate the effect of noise on the system.
When reformulated analytically, this result expresses the inverse character of differentiation and integration, the fundamental theorem of the calculus (see the figure).
As in the original study, all characters were unweighted and one multistate character (the differentiation of gill filaments) was treated as additive based on unequivocal ontogenetic evidence.
Another proof-of-concept of the scalable character of differentiation process came from GEDI analysis performed on multiple subsets of 1000 or 100 sequences randomly picked up from the Expressed Sequence set.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the overall CID character for differentiation of the ring-opened and unopened impurities of β-lactam antibiotics.
This approach includes four steps: (1) identification - exploring characters, (2) delineation - describing characters, (3) differentiation - discovering analogies and distinctions between the terms, and (4) advocating - implications for theory and practice.
Morphologically, abdominal appendages are the main sex character for rapid differentiation between mature males and females of H. marsupialis.
Accordingly, the two syntactic requirements of a notation are disjointness (each mark belongs to no more than one character) and finite differentiation, or articulation (in principle, it is always possible to determine to which character a mark belongs).
Regardless, the morphological patterns described among extant and extinct species do not definitely demonstrate character displacement, the differentiation in beak morphology among these sympatric species co-occurring in space and time provides plausible evidence that resource competition produced such divergence, resulting in ecological niche divergence.
The main character allowing the differentiation of grazing species is the presence of a ventrally bent vomerian region.
