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In an attempt to extend this concept of a changing host cell codon usage to cell biology studies, we noted that this may not be applicable to the common usage of microbe-derived selection markers since most of such cultures are in the presence of serum.
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Perhaps Wolbachia TCS gene expression benefits from consistent metabolic coupling in specific invertebrate host backgrounds, whereas the context of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia TCS genes provides more flexibility to adapt to changing host environments of tick, deer, and mammalian immune cells (Bakken and Dumler 2008; Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004).
However, it remains to be studied whether changing host factors or a changing NTM species distribution over time account for these observations [ 6].
Since Caullerya causes apparent changes in its host genetic structure, this parasite might, in turn, respond genetically to its changing host.
These processes could reflect a changing host environment where parasitaemia is now high and the susceptible host is struggling to mount a successful immune response.
(Changing host name after server is set up may corrupt some services).
Alternatively, pathway productivity can also be enhanced by changing the host cell within which the pathway is active, either by switching to an industrial strain or by deleting or overexpressing native genes, such as those involved in primary metabolism4,5.
P. luminescens appears to sense and adapt to the novel host environment upon changing hosts, which facilitates the production of factors involved in survival within the host, host-killing, and -exploitation.
It is likely that the pool of non-core genes allow adaptation to changing hosts and environmental niches within the host.
We repeated the experiment and got the same results, even by changing the E. coli host cell for BL21 (data not shown).
Alternatively, changes in circulating viruses may lead to differences in host cell binding or immune recognition, thereby changing the dynamics of infection or size of the population at risk.
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