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Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism that is able to control gene expression by inhibiting protein binding to DNA and by changing chromatin structure [23].
Additional observations suggest that Gro may repress transcription by changing chromatin structure.
Histone acetylation and deacetylation, controlled by the balance of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), play a key role in regulating gene expression by changing chromatin structure.
The SNF2 family comprises helicase-like ATPases, originally discovered in yeast, that can remodel chromatin by changing chromatin structure and composition.
DNA methylation can also contribute to gene transcription through changing chromatin structure and, in turn, influence the affinity and accessibility of transcription-factor binding sites (TFBS) [ 41].
TFs can regulate their targets independently of their own levels of expression, for example by changing chromatin structure, histone-modification states, nucleosome positions in vivo, phosphorylation status, and binding site accessibility with other partners [ 23, 24].
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The earlier and greater rise in metabolic rate in 12-copy larvae, that must remodel a larger part of the genome containing the extra gene copies, suggests that changing the chromatin structure of the Hsp70 loci may contribute to the energetic demand of this inducible response, in addition to the costs of accumulating greater amounts of Hsp70 transcript.
It is unclear if changing histone methylation is sufficient to induce ATM pathway activation and senescence, or whether additional changes in chromatin structure, such as telomere structure, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation, are induced by BRD4770 as a secondary effect and contribute to the overall phenotype.
Extended Data Fig. 6 Olparib did not induce global changes in chromatin structure.
Since there is a wide variety of histones, chromatin structure might change by changing the combination of histones.
Posttranslational modification (PTM) of histones by acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination or phosphorylation has been shown to modulate the chromatin structure by changing protein DNA or protein protein interactions.
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