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Chemical shift reported in ppm and chemical shift changes was calculated by using the formula: Δδ = δ(complex) - δ(free).
∆R2 attributable to tissue changes was calculated as follows: Delta mathrm{R}{2}_v=mathrm{R}{2}_0-mathrm{R}{2}_v.
Assuming a binomial distribution, for each question separately, the likelihood of the observed changes was calculated, firstly, assuming the ML estimates for probability of increase and decrease obtained from the data; and secondly, assuming an extrinsic hypothesis that the probability of increase and probability of decrease are equal (0.5).
Percentage of changes was calculated according to the manufacturer's instruction.
The effect size (magnitude of changes) was calculated using Cohen's d-statistic.
The fold changes was calculated using the formula log2 (treatment/control). *indicate significant (P < 0.05).
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Percentage changes were calculated from individual scores.
Fold changes were calculated based on raw intensities.
Surface elevation changes are calculated by an along-track method2,32.
CPAT score changes were calculated after pain management.
Haemoglobin concentration changes were calculated by the proprietary standard ISS software using AC and phase63.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com