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Thus only changes to traits that directly affect the growth rate of an individual compared to the rest of the individuals in the species can be selected.
We evaluate the evidence that fishing is causing evolutionary changes to traits including body size, migration timing and age of maturation, and we discuss the implications for fisheries and conservation.
It is only changes to traits that directly affect the growth rate of an individual compared to the rest of the individuals in the species can be affected by individual-level selection.
In species with highly differentiated populations selective and/or neutral factors can induce rapid changes to traits involved in mate choice, promoting reproductive isolation between allopatric populations that can eventually lead to speciation.
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Given that trait anxiety is assessed by having participants rate how often they generally find themselves experiencing anxiety, it will require a much more extended period of change to state anxiety levels before this will result in changes to trait anxiety scores.
Although we were cognizant of the fact that the learning activity only took 1 h, which may not be sufficient to bring about substantial changes to personal traits such as self-efficacy, still we were interested in exploring the extent to which the GPS-based MCL English might have influenced participants' self-regulation, self-efficacy, and learning achievement.
A mutation to any one of the genes involved could create small changes to the trait rather than some drastic transformation.
Changes to the trait-level coefficient higher than 10% were indicative of item bias.
The impacts measured were changes to volunteers' personality traits.
These tourists completed a standardised web-based personality inventory (IPIP-NEO) prior to and following their volunteer vacation to measure changes to 15 personality traits.
Although one might argue that such a result is self-evident, such a conclusion overlooks the trade-offs associated with changes to life-history traits.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com