It also possesses unique specializations not seen in A. afarensis or in early Homo that are related to powerful chewing, such as expansion of the cheek teeth, increased jaw size, and changes to the skull to accommodate the forces generated.
We expect leprosy to include changes to the skull and the postcranial skeleton: "cortical inflammatory changes of the palatine process of the maxilla, diaphyseal cortical surface, and intra-articular cortical surface" [43].
The principle change to the skull with leprosy is rhinomaxillary syndrome, which involves loss of bone around the pyriform aperture, destruction of the nasal spine, and loss of bone at the anterior alveolar process [5], [6], [18], [44], [45].
Surprisingly, perpendicular impacts produced significantly greater rotational velocities and accelerations, which are closer to current published injury thresholds than expected, seemingly as a result of deformational changes to the complex skull geometry.
Because Down syndrome involves specific changes to the shape of the skull, and because the genes of skull development are highly conserved between mice and humans, they compared the skulls of these extra-DSCR-containing mice with those of normal mice, as well as with those of mice with the equivalent of trisomy 21.
They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail.
Analysis of all the skull specimens of Ichthyostega has shown changes to proportions and skull bone ornamentation that varies throughout its history and that document microevolution at the specific level in these very early tetrapods.
The differences between fish such as Eusthenopteron and Panderichthys and tetrapods such as Acanthostega in the bones of the braincase and ear region have been considered as representing a sudden and complex change as compared with those to the skull, which have been seen as gradual.
Sega vetoed this, however, and the character was changed to a skull design for the game's retail release.
The tongue is central to the development of language and while the size and shape of the tongue is conserved between humans and chimpanzees, the musculature has altered considerably to account for changes in the skull shape (Coquerelle et al. 2013).
Patients younger than 15 years and older than 69 years were excluded to minimize age-related changes of the skull and brain [ 29].
