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By comparison, nonneutral or what are sometimes called coding changes are changes to genes that lead to measurable changes to organisms.
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In our view, this highlights the fact that changes to organism's regulatory networks can provide new evolutionary opportunities.
Environmental scientists and synthetic biologists have for the first time developed a set of key research areas to study the potential ecological impacts of synthetic biology, a field that could push beyond incremental changes to create organisms that transcend common evolutionary pathways.
This view, which was developed explicitly by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck but was also invoked to an extent by Darwin (1859), emphasizes changes to individual organisms that occur as they use particular features more or less.
Evolutionary biologists call these changes neutral to signify that they do not produce measurable changes to the organism.
This shows that in some cases nongenetic changes to an organism can be inherited and it has been suggested that such inheritance can help with adaptation to local conditions and affect evolution.
If they work well, such stabilizing mechanisms buffer the two phenotypes against moderate changes to the organism's genetic makeup.
She described how she never had a satisfactory explanation for why ants could not get big without other structural changes to the organism.
Changes to the targeted organism's cell membrane may also lead to resistance.
Future work could test how often inheritable changes to chromatin modification help organisms adapt to environmental stresses, or if similar changes allow cancer cells to become tolerant to anticancer drugs.
Contemporary climate change has led to organisms encountering more extreme and variable environmental conditions [1], [2].
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