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The data reveal numerous, Toxoplasma-specific changes to host miRNA levels and some of these changes are at least partly mediated at the transcriptional level.
To investigate whether Toxoplasma infection drives changes to host miRNA levels, we profiled host miRNA levels during Toxoplasma infection with miRNA microarrays and confirmed these results by independent means.
Organic guests can also cause large-scale changes to host molecules, as they maximize favorable interactions such as in molecular tweezer 23 where the distance between sidewalls halves on binding certain guests.
Variability among Wolbachia within the same host could arise through recombination and mutation (Klasson et al. 2009; Atyame et al. 2011), and a new Wolbachia strain could spread if it has a selective advantage and/or generates patterns of cytoplasmic incompatibility or other changes to host reproduction that favour its spread.
Despite there being only a small number of patients involved in this study, it is the consistency in its results, relating rates of proliferation and apoptosis to systemic cytokine levels and the trends seen when looking at long-term survival, that suggest progressive changes to host immunity with colorectal cancer advancement.
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On 19 September 2014, Lerkendal was awarded the 2016 UEFA Super Cup Final, marking the first time ever a Norwegian stadium earned a change to host a European final.
FeP2 and PEPV caused very little change to host transcript abundance compared to the other 4 viruses tested.
"Additionally, ticks captured by the CDC-LTs are described here as "questing", but the correct term to describe this behavior is "hunting" or "host seeking", since "questing" refers to a specific, relatively passive, host acquisition strategy" References to "questing" were changed to "host-seeking".
From training peers on the causes and potential solutions to climate change, to hosting radio shows on the topic, to creating a model for a floating school in an area of Zambia at-risk to intense flooding, to meeting with leaders on the global stage to explore youth perspectives on climate policy, Unite4Climate Zambia is an innovative model of climate change youth empowerment.
For host specific parasites, long-term host-parasite coevolution (resulting in parallel changes to the host immune system) is hypothesized and such parasites are primarily responsible for the evolution of MHC polymorphism [ 32].
A number of possible mechanisms used by parasites to manipulate hosts' behavior have been considered, including changes to the host's behavioral characteristics, the direct re-ordering of behavioral responses, and the reorientation of hosts' reactions.
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