In the second generation (M2), various changes of traits were observed in all 11 varieties, including the height, heading date, leaf color, leaf shape, flag leaf angle, awns, panicle length, panicle type, rice shape (length width ratio), and maturity.
Estimation of the variance among replicates on the phenotypic changes of traits throughout the study allowed us to test for the occurrence of stochastic effects (i.e. genetic drift) on evolutionary changes.
This framework is built by a system of differential equations that quantifies how alterations of different components lead to the global change of trait development and function, and provides a quantitative and testable platform for assessing the multiscale interplay between QTLs and development.
In genetics, Equation 5 states how the genotypic value of trait y for QTL genotype j scales as, or responds to, the phenotypic change of trait z during ontogeny.
This framework, called systems mapping, incorporates a system of differential equations that quantifies how alterations of different components lead to the global change of trait development and function through genes, and provides a quantitative and testable platform for assessing the interplay between gene action and development.
begin{aligned} begin{array}{l} hbox {Hence, gbest}_g =min {f_i, i=1,2,ldots hbox {N}} hbox {at generation}, g,hbox {for solving}, mathbf{minimization problem }. end{array} end{aligned} (1)In the improving phase, each person gets knowledge (here knowledge refers to change of traits with the influence of the best person's traits) from the group's best (gbest) person.
Friedman and Barrett (2008) conducted similar analyses of both order and direction of change of traits associated with shifts from animal to wind pollination across the angiosperms.
In addition, for traits which are traditionally assessed by destructive measurements, alternative non-invasive approaches are required to enable monitoring dynamic changes of the trait over time.
The authors suggested that changes of personality trait were caused by manipulation activity of the parasite, aimed at increasing the probability of transmission of the parasite from an intermediate to a definitive host.
Moreover, the stimulated genes would further regulate downstream effectors, resulting in changes of agronomic traits, including plant growth, defense responses, and fruit ripening (Fig. 1).
