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Antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention with change of the valve are typically needed, and the mortality is high (15 27%) [ 12, 55].
Six patients had mitral valve replacement (MVR) because of obvious pathological changes of the mitral valve, such as damage by subacute bacterial endocarditis.
Knowledge of the dynamic changes of the aortic valve (AV) annulus may aid in the sizing and design of transcatheter valve prostheses.
This study examined the geometric changes of the mitral valve (MV) after repair using conventional and three-dimensional echocardiography.
One patient with moderate TR did not have any morphologic changes of the tricuspid valve and thus, was not included in the CHD group.
A mean length of a hospital stay after a change of the pulmonary valve was 5.7 days with a mean stay of 2.8 in the intensive care unit.
The flow simulation was carried out for the valve original and modified designs with changes of the angle of particle impact on the valve surface.
The displacement of the valve changes with the fluid pressure, so it makes the flow rate adjustable.
Interestingly, significant changes of aortic valve leaflet dimensions were observed.
The sliding mesh model is used to mimic the dynamic change of the opening or closing of the valve.
The other seventeen patients had degenerative/atherosclerotic changes of cardiac valves involving mostly the aortic or mitral valve.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com