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The color changes of the samples, as quantified by Yellowness Index (YI and Delta EE, were found to be in strong correlation with chemical changes observed by FTIR.
Color changes of the samples as well as contact angle and roughness were determined on samples' surfaces during the exposure period.
XPS analysis showed that the relative amount of Bi-O-Ti and Bi-O-Bi bonds was different and that defects in the oxides would also change due to different contents of Bi, which resulted in performance changes of the samples.
The ash content in all three samples was estimated by analyzing the weight changes of the samples during the programmed temperature using Kaiyuan 5E-MAG6700 industrianalyzerzer.
The variations in the resistivity, concentration of carriers and Hall mobility showed a direct correlation with the crystallographic phase changes of the samples as a function of annealing temperature regardless of annealing time and annealing environment.
The comparison of these results with the phase identification of the samples given in column 5 of Table 1 suggests that this observation may be related to the crystallographic structure changes of the samples with annealing temperature which in turn is related to the carrier type in the samples (i.e., change from Cu2O (p-type carrier) to CuO (n-type carrier)).
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A procedure was designed to measure the recovery stresses caused by the dimensional changes of the sample due to the shape memory effect.
By adopting the Gaussian filter, relative density changes of the sample at high pressures were determined from volume rendering.
The curves show the relative elongation changes of the sample and reveal the presence of anomalies whose shapes and intensities vary from the axial direction to the radial one.
Of course, multiple site incorporations of tfmF and 19F-NMR will be required to reflect the uniform changes of the sample conditions, e.g. acidification, viscosity changes or protein degradation.
This apparatus utilizes a scanning diffusive technique to characterize phase changes of the sample with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com