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This process can affect RNA integrity and result in changes of the biological expression profile [ 23- 26].
In this fashion, the activity changes of the biological entities described by the network model can be assessed via the aggregation of its individual HYPs, such that the underlying gene expression measurements contribute to the network as a whole (see Methods for a detailed description of how the resulting aggregated HYP is constructed).
Once the APAP PBPK model developed for adults was modified to account for maturational changes of the biological system from birth, it was able to predict the plasma PK profiles of APAP in neonates (0 28 days), infants (29 days to <2 years), children (2 to <12 years), and adolescents (12 16 years) following i.v. infusion of 12.5, 15, or 20 mg/kg of APAP.
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It is well known that activation of the Wnt signal transduction pathway significantly correlates with proliferation and invasion of tumor cells; therefore, we evaluated the change of the biological behavior in lung cancer cells with hypermethylated or unmethylated Axin gene.
Expression shown relative to the expression in naive eggs, the mean fold change of the biological replicates (based on two technical replicates) is plotted and error bars show the standard error.
These approaches aim to detect overall changes in selective constraints on individual amino acid sites over time, allowing inference of changes in the biological function of the protein.
Biomarkers of effect may include measurements of changes in the biological system, e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibition associated with organophosphate pesticide exposures or changes in cytochrome P450 enzyme activity.
These results suggest that differentially connected genes reflect the dynamic process of changes in the biological system, whereas differentially expressed genes reflect the end result of biological system changes.
Molecular abundance was represented by color changes of the nodes and biological phenomenon could be visualized automatically.
It enables noninvasive evaluation of oxygen-dependent hemodynamic changes in the biological tissues by measurement of the relevant changes in the concentration of tissue hemoglobin.
What belies a relative uniformity among these cellular structures is the pressure of change at levels of the biological hierarchy, which operate outside the confines of the machine.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com