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It is suggested that both OC and BS provide an objective ground for CdCl2 stress assessment, and that also could be applied to test the changes of organisms quantitatively in toxic physiology.
Generational changes of organisms adapt to changes in environment Changes within organisms generally do not relate to adaptation or respond to environmental shifts.
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in cellular defense and morphologic changes of organisms at developmental stages (Feder and Hofmann, 1999; Gunter and Degnan, 2007).
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The protein family and domain change indices reflect the changes of organism complexity, but does not reflect how quickly these changes occur.
In order to illustrate the changes of organism complexity over the course of evolution, we computed the log ratio of birth and death events of protein families and domains at different lineages, which we define as protein/domain change index.
The latter observation is an indication that the observed thyroid status changes of organism at old age may contribute to the age-related changes of DAG level in liver.
From the point of view of the interaction between biology and environment, Darwin thought that biological variation, heredity and natural selection could lead to the adaptive change of organisms.
These include major geologic events, climate changes, radiations of organisms into new habitats, changes in ecosystems, changes in continental positions, and widespread extinctions.
In recent years, plant bioclimatic models have been continuously applied to climate change research to evaluate the effects of climate changes on organisms.
Therefore, to use bioclimatic models to assess the effects of climate changes on organisms, is necessary to identify the period in the target organisms' life cycle that is most sensitive to climate changes.
In our previous review of climate change research on plants (Hsieh and Chiou 2013), we found that phenological gardens and phenological observation networks are used to record the effects of past climate changes on organisms in climate change research and monitor the direct influence of climate changes on organisms.
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