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Two hypothesis can be formulated to explain the correlation between the weak growth of H1N1 virus and the few changes of host transcription.
As a result, temporal and spatial expression changes of host genes are very difficult to investigate.
It remains to be established, how these tsRNA-induced changes of host gene expression were brought about and if this process involves hijacking of host RNAi pathways.
Extended phenotypes in ants induced by fungal infections are a complex example of behavioral manipulation requiring coordinated changes of host behavior and morphology.
In cells infected with both chlamydiae, no morphological changes of host nuclei between infected and non-infected cells were observed (Fig. 3d).
Multiple layers of gene regulation may be needed to ensure spatial and tissue-specific expression and prompt response of SSSGP-encoding genes to changes of host and other environmental conditions.
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There has been considerable debate on behavioural changes of hosts being true manipulations by the parasitoid or by-products of infection [2], [4].
It is believed that frequent gene turn-over and fast protein sequence changes of host-defense genes give selective advantages to the host species in coping with fast-evolving pathogens (Rosenberg 2008b).
This may have happened at any stage during the evolution of host or parasite so that subsequent divergence will have obscured all traces of the original change of host.
The speciation process may also be initiated by changes in just one or a few gene loci when these alterations result in a change of ecological niche or, in the case of parasites, a change of host.
The Confederation of African Football estimated 1,000 but it may not be that many, with the late change of host nation, problems with accommodation and fears about Ebola dissuading many.
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