Equation (2), where the dependent variable is the issuer change in transaction volume per debit card (ICTVDC) follows the same structure.
In Eq. (2)—where the issuer change in transaction volume per debit card is the dependent variable- a1 % increase in the issuer change in ATM withdrawals has a negative and significant effect of.41%% in issuer transaction volume per debit card.
As the motivation of our study is to infer to what extent the use of debit cards at ATM and POS interact and their effects on currency holdings, we focus on the change in transaction volumes rather than the number of devices as we are interested in the intensity of usage and not in the adoption patterns.
In order to analyze the determinants of ATM and POS transaction volumes we focus on the quarterly change in transactions per POS terminal by acquirer, transactions per card by issuer and withdrawal transactions per ATM by issuer.
This departure of low-value coins was far more disruptive to commerce than the loss of the high-denomination gold coins, and change in transactions was made by a variety of makeshifts.
As shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4, while this experiment does increase the balancing changes in the transactions matrix, the increases are rather small, providing further evidence of the validity of the resulting matrix.
It makes sense in itself as a replacement for the current "slab" system whereby a tiny change in the transaction price can lead to a huge increase in the tax liability.
The input output component in this model enables a detailed analysis of purchases and sales between industries, while the time-series component allows for the analysis of intertemporal change in the transaction flows of goods and services.
"Due to changes in the way transactions are settled, it is now much easier for countries to unilaterally introduce certain forms of FTTs," IDS said.
Attempts were made to give the new smaller dollars out as change in postal transactions, and to force their use by U.S. military personnel in Europe; both failed.
