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The regressive effects of pricing carbon can be countered by changes in the income tax, or by using the proceeds to benefit lower-income groups in other ways.
The changes in the income tax make it more progressive, so that rates for low- and middle-income taxpayers will decline more sharply than for those with high incomes.
Specifically, it examines the responsiveness of payment-to-income ratios for different debt types at different parts of the income distribution to changes in the income thresholds at the 95th and 99th percentiles.
That means immediate responses to changes in the income and circumstances of employees and pensioners whose tax is collected through PAYE.
From an equity point of view one could ask to which extent OOPE lead to changes in the income distribution on the household level.
Changes in the income distribution are the result of a vast array of factors, so any simple classification excludes potentially relevant explanations.
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A large chunk of the drop in taxable income among the top 1m taxpayers in 1993 came from big changes in the incomes of a very small number of very well compensated executives.
It should also be mentioned that although the relation between some of those diseases and income has already been examined, the changes in the income-related distribution of those diseases has not been examined specifically across the business cycle.
But it should be kept in mind that our following characterisations of Gorman Polar Form preferences and exact linear aggregation are essentially "local" in that they apply to sufficiently small changes in the incomes of individual consumers.
The National Income Dynamics Study NIDSS) was South Africa's first national panel study to document the dynamic structure of households and changes in the incomes, expenditures, assets, access to services, education, health, and well-being of household members.
The effects of the change in the income tax rates will vary widely.
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