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Changes in the cross section of up to 2% between room and flame temperatures have been found.
Due to the sudden changes in the cross section of the beam, the edges of the opening can be subjected to stress concentration, and it is possible to induce transverse cracks in the beam (Fig. 1).
The reason to use a fixed-effects model instead of a simple pooled model utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) is the possibility that omitted variables may lead to changes in the cross section.
Among all possible models for vocal tract instability, changes in the cross section of the vocal tract segment above the pharynx have been simulated, hence modeling instabilities in the jaw position.
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The change in the cross section area is measured using Nanson's formula.
This change constitutes the change in the cross section of the conductive way for the flowing electric current.
In the above-mentioned paper, we used an incorrect balance equation of force between the wind dynamical pressure and the nebular pressure on the contact surface by overlooking the change in the cross section for the momentum flux of the wind.
Due to sudden changes presented in the cross section of the beam, the opening edges are, for the most part, subjected to high stress concentrations, which inadvertently leads to induced transverse cracks in the beam; resulting in a significant reduction in the beam shear capacity and stiffness (Mansur 1998; Mansur et al. 1999; Yang et al. 2006).
The open cracks occur at step changes in the cross-section of the column or at the intermediate points of the uniform segments.
A stepped element is also formulated which includes the variation in inertia and stiffness terms due to the changes in the cross-section of an axially discontinuous shaft.
Morphological changes on the membrane surface and in the cross section were characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
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