However, his demeanour hardly changed in success or defeat and his unobtrusive style has been welcomed by the England squad.
We argue that, using probability machines, we can look directly at counterfactual outcomes in the context of binary outcomes to see the counterfactual change in success probability for each individual when one binary predictor is changed.
To interpret changes in weaning success or time to successful weaning, future studies should include detailed information on sedation practices including the agents used, use of a sedation protocol (or lack of one) and scoring system, and whether or not daily interruptions in sedation were permitted.
Pharmacological treatments can have acute effects on success in competition [12] [16], whereas manipulation of the neonatal environment can lead to long-lasting changes in competitive success that persist for months after the initial intervention [17] [20].
In light of these pitfalls, we recommend that long-term monitoring studies on kittiwakes and other seabirds carefully consider in their study designs and implementations multiple working hypotheses that might explain major changes in breeding success.
Using eight UK data sets (9 21 years), we investigate changes in restoration success for (1) arable reversion sites, were grassland was established on bare ground using seed mixtures, and (2) grassland enhancement sites, where degraded grasslands are restored by scrub removal followed by the re-instigation of cutting/grazing.
Changes in reproductive success with age have been observed in many species of birds and mammals [1], [2].
The changes in reproductive success differed in the sexes.
The maximum change in breeding success observed at Chafarinas Islands was of 40% (average values of breeding success with and without rats were 0.40 and 0.67, respectively).
In contrast, a significant interaction between laying date and disturbance (Table 2, Fig. 3C; P = 0.027) revealed a marked seasonal decline in probability of fledging success in high-disturbance nests, while there was very little seasonal change in fledging success in nests subject to low levels of recreational pressure.
