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Importantly, the inability to assess smoking status across pregnancy and account for changes in smoking patterns may affect circulating angiogenic factors and subsequent risk of preeclampsia.
Another important limitation of our study is that no information regarding changes in smoking patterns was available.
Although mortality rates were higher for men compared to women, they increased more rapidly in women, potentially due to changes in smoking patterns.
As other smoking-related cancers were analysed using identical techniques in the present series of reports, it is unlikely that this is either a methodological artefact, or due to some systematic effect of changes in smoking patterns.
Findings in Chinese Americans and our study support that changes in smoking patterns among males may, to some extent, account for the trends of keratinising tumours, although the relationship among females was not as strong as that among males.
It is clear from this analysis that outcomes will vary according to local factors and that it is not appropriate to assume that uniform changes in smoking patterns will lead to identical effects in different countries.
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For example, the reductions in lung cancer rates in the US, seen first in young men, then in older men, and finally in women, mirror changes in cigarette smoking patterns (Wingo et al, 1999).
Because of this small sample size, we were unable to provide precise estimates of the magnitude of changes in smoking and body weight seen in the unemployed groups and limited in our ability to study heavy drinking patterns.
As expected, changes in smoking habits also influenced weight changes.
In this study, weexamined the temporal trends in Dlco to determine theeffects of smoking and changes in smoking habits.
It is important to explore in which ways the workplace might contribute to changes in smoking status and smoking behavior.
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