For these 3 patients, no change in carriage of FQ-resistant E. coli occurred.
The observed change in carriage incidence is contemporaneous with lower rates of invasive disease in Malawi (22).
To analyse the relative contributions of serotype and PI-1 to carriage duration, we fitted a Cox regression model and found that, on stratification of carriage by serotype, PI-1 presence was not associated with a significant change in carriage duration (hazard ratio 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 1.2; p 0.2)).
However, because indirect vaccine effects are mediated by changes in nasopharyngeal carriage, and because carriage is more amenable to study than IPD, it may be possible to model the effect of vaccine introduction on disease by monitoring its effect on carriage and transmission [ 6, 7].
Hence, early insight into post-vaccine effects can be obtained by monitoring changes in pediatric carriage.
Nevertheless, changes in pneumococcal carriage in at least two samples could be studied in 76 out of 94 children.
We explored changes in MRSA carriage in animals and humans and antimicrobial use over time using simple descriptive statistics.
Evidence from vaccine studies [ 12– 14] and randomized controlled trials [ 15] suggests that the indirect effects of PCV on IPD are brought about by changes in pneumococcal carriage.
After implementation of PCV7 vaccine in France, no significant changes in NP carriage with S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. aureus were observed in children with AOM.
