Such changes are achieved by covalent and noncovalent modifications, which mark the genome and play a role in turning genes on or off [ 55].
Epigenetic changes were mainly materialized by covalent modifications of DNA methylation and protein modifications (methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation).
These processes are driven by changes in covalent modifications of DNA and associated proteins, alterations in chromatin structure, and recruitment of a diversity of signal responsive transcription factors and enzymes [ 54, 55].
These changes suggested that conjugating polysaccharides to protein by covalent bonds (as shown by SDS-PAGE) can lead to conformational changes to the secondary structure of protein-polysaccharide conjugates.
Beyond the changes in covalent structure caused by substitution of valine for histidine at residue 87, there is strikingly little alteration within this region of the protein.
The exit from the self-renewing state is accompanied by changes in the covalent modifications of histones, for example, an increase in the silencing-associated histone H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 marks on the chromatin and removal of H3K27me3.
Changes in enzyme structure after its immobilization caused by covalent interaction made the enzyme more sensitive to aliphatic alcohols.
The intrinsic motions of proteins, determined by covalent and non-covalent forces, cause conformational changes with intermolecular and intercellular ramifications on signaling pathways, cell function, and physiological responses.
Chemosensors are the molecule of abiotic origin that binds with different analyte by covalent or non-covalent interactions to create a change in colour or optical properties.
Second, the detection method is based on sensitive changes in the local dielectric environment of modified gold nanoislands, which are caused by covalent chemical interactions between the proteins and the active sites of nanoholes.
