Increased recruitment of noncitizens and changed admission standards to meet the labor requirements of research laboratories also affected supply.
At a small office not far from Wall Street, Daniel Zaharopol and Lynn Cartwright-Punnett devote themselves to lifting those numbers not, however, by advocating changed admission standards or racial or ethnic quotas, as some have proposed.
Whether the study's findings will inspire other medical schools to change admissions requirements remains to be seen.
Being left out when Mayor Bill de Blasio announced a plan to change admissions to the city's elite high schools, where they dominate, was only the last straw, leaders say.
The apparent motivation for this new tax included in the House of Representatives Tax Cutt and Jobs Act, passed before the Thanksgiving recess, is not, however, to create an incentive to change admissions behavior toward a more egalitarian, social equity posture.
Last week, the school system's top instructional official, Deputy Chancellor Diana Lam, said that efforts were under way to change admission requirements so that more minority students could get into the programs.
Mr Pritchard stressed any decision to change admission criteria "must be left to school governors".
Faculty at University of Denver have pushed the administration to change admission policies in regards to the TOEFL, raising the score requirements.
