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To evaluate this change, we used the PRODY index5 developed in Hausmann et al. (2007).
To investigate the drivers and impacts of the documented change we used aerial photograph interpretation and workshops with landholders and natural resource management agency staff.
For directional change, we used mean gradients to apportion the quantity of change in the indicators due to fishing and the environment.
When calculating the percent weight change, we used the final, post-rehydration weight as a surrogate marker for the pre-illness weight.
To examine the simultaneous effects of endogenous processes and climate change, we used data from a network of Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs), established throughout Alberta and Saskatchewan.
To examine microbial responses to climate change, we used a microarray-based metagenomics tool named GeoChip 4.0 to profile soil microbial functional genes along four sites/elevations of a Tibetan mountainous grassland.
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However, instead of using the percentage change, we use the difference in median lifespan, which is a better measure to use.
To calculate the relative ratio of the local volume change, we use the determinant of the Jacobian matrix | J| minus 1, that is, | J| − 1.
In order to identify the correspondence between the ontological artifacts and candidate changes, we used an alignment process.
Therefore, giving priority to the detection of slight changes, we used IGS precise ephemeris GNSS data for the medium, long, and dike stacked data.
To estimate the "relative fold-change", we used the formula f = rΔΔCT (absolute ΔΔCT value), with r representing amplification rate (r = amplification efficiency e+1).
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