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Some authors claim that change in conceptions about teaching is a necessary prerequisite to changing instruction (Ho et al., 2001), while others claim the opposite; that is, change in teaching practices occurs before change in beliefs (Guskey, 2000).
Rather than measuring learning outcome as performance, in phenomenographic studies, we are measuring learning outcomes as change in conceptions of or approach to the learning object (Micari et al. 2007).
Change in conceptions can be thought of as learning that enables the learner to experience a phenomenon in a way she or he has not been able to experience it previously (Marton and Booth 1997).
Next to reflection, it might even contribute to a change in conceptions [ 2].
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The aesthetic effects of this drastic change in conception of the composer's task and potential were immediate and far reaching.
However, Guskey [ 14] stated that changes in teaching practice preceed changes in conceptions.
It has been suggested previously that developments in the alcohol treatment research literature since 1940 'are caused less by accumulating scientific knowledge than by changes in conceptions and structurings of research and knowledge' (11, p. 193).
Theoretical perspectives on creating change in students' conceptions have implications for teaching about biological evolution.
An explanation might be that especially teachers with these profiles are interested in these fields, or that participating in these fields stimulated a change in teachers' conceptions.
Additionally, our decision to switch from a paper-and-pencil to online format and the differences in allotted time to complete the pre- and postinstructional tests may have influenced our results on the change in alternate conceptions and MATE scores in phase III of the study.
Over the next two decades – first as planner, then as mayor – Lerner would develop a radically different vision for Curitiba: "It was a change in the conception of the city.
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