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By random chance (estimated by reshuffling the gender) we would expect a ratio of 4.94 for those people.
For a window of length k we then compared the observed match counts with those expected by chance (estimated from k-mer genomic frequency) and with the mean frequency of all other possible k-mer sequences produced by reshuffling the nucleotides in the window.
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"It's not helpful, but it will not keep him from getting the nomination," Mr. Choate said of Mr. Buchanan's chances, estimating that the enthusiastic crowd here of more than 300 people included a majority of the party's current state chairmen.
Descriptive statistics (i.e., percentage, mean, quartiles, and standard deviation) were computed to describe both categorical and numerical variables (e.g. respondent characteristics and chance estimates for risks and benefits of smoking).
Thus, the statistical significance of the observed value (probability that the observed value was obtained by chance) was estimated by P = numSigPer/N, with N = 50000.
Subsequently the probability of a parallel or convergent substitution by chance was estimated as described in Methods.
To determine the probability of spheres making contact with the loukoumasome by chance, we estimated the proportional volume of cytoplasm occupied by a 1 micron-thick layer coating the outside of the loukoumasomal torus.
The probability that co-locations of QTLs and CGs occurred by chance was estimated considering all traits, all genes and all LGs for each parent.
The distribution of maximal absolute cluster-level statistics obtained by chance was estimated by repeating the analysis 1000 times with randomly rearranging the spikes in a [−3000,3000 ms] window of each trial while preserving the ISI distribution of that trial.
In order to check whether the observed cases showed agreement with expectations simply by chance, we estimated for each STR the matching probabilities between all possible genotypes sharing at least one allele.
The percentage of variability beyond chance was estimated using the I² statistic 13, 14.
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